1. Central California Refugia Study

A short term goal of the program has been to develop technology and methods to identify and measure the species composition, densities and size frequencies and habitat associations of fishes inside and outside of refugia (area protected from fishing) to determine whether significant differences in these factors exist between protected and unprotected areas. A longer term goal is to determine whether refugia conserve nearshore finfish stocks to the extent that they sufficiently contribute to the enhancement of stocks and fisheries in adjacent waters to warrant their establishment elsewhere.

During the past five years project staff has employed scuba transect techniques to assess species densities and video/laser equipment to obtain size frequencies measurements of kelp forest fishes within and adjacent to Big Creek Marine Ecological Reserve (BCER) and Point Lobos Ecological Reserve (PLER). Results of 1998 scuba transect demonstrate fish densities within BCER to be significantly greater than those in the 3 miles of coastline to the south and higher but not significantly to a comparable area to the north. Historically, fishing pressure has been greater south of BCER because of local small skiff launch sites; whereas, there are no launch sites to the north and consequently fishing pressure is less. Preliminary length frequency analysis of one species, gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus) indicate greater numbers of larger sexually mature individuals within BCER than in adjacent areas. Fish densities within PLER were significantly greater than those in adjacent areas. A final report of this study is forth coming in a Sea Grant Report due July 1999.

Substrate type and topography within the shallow subtidal region of BCER were mapped during an acoustic survey. Aspects of the survey were novel, and allowed collection of data beneath canopies of Macrocystis pyrifera and Nerocystis luetkeana and in water as shallow as 3m. Densities and size composition information will be combined with benthic bathymetric/substrate information produced during an acoustic survey and incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate habitat associations and predict biomass and spawning potential of fish populations.

Episodic recruitment is a major contributing factor to stock abundance of nearshore rockfish; therefore, project staff has collected information to determine the relationship between oceanographic conditions, adult rockfish spawning potential, and recruitment success of young-of-the-year (YOY) rockfishes to nearshore reefs. Information collected confirms that ocean productivity, somatic and reproductive condition of adult, and recruitment success of YOY blue rockfish (indicator species) has been generally lower during the past decade compared to previous decades.

Analysis of data collected over the past five years and other information on life history suggests that marine reserves were fishing is prohibited (such as BCER and PLER), may serve as reservoirs of sexually mature individuals which may provide a source of recruitment to areas outside the reserves. Larvae produced by these individuals are transported out of the reserves and settle as young-of-the-year elsewhere. A key question concerning the use of reserves as a management tool is to determine the size, number, and geographic distribution necessary to have a positive impact on the overall health of the stocks. Thus, considerable work remains to determine the extent to which protected adult populations within the reserves contribute to, and enhance, adjacent coastal fishes or ecosystems.

The program’s next 5-year plan (1999-2004) will focus on continued collection of estimates of the standing stock of harvestable adult fish within and adjacent to reserve study sites. These findings will be compared with existing harvest rates, to assess the level and effects of current fishing practices. Additionally the spatial scale of sampling will be expanded to obtain estimates of standing stocks along the central coast. Sampling will be continued to monitor the responses of adult condition and recruitment success to ocean productivity.

Contact David VenTresca for more information (831-649-2881)

2. Nearshore Reef Fish Tagging Project (Northern California)

This study has several elements, focusing on nearshore species of reef fish such as cabezon gopher rockfish, black rockfish and china rockfish. During the initial stages of the project, captive fish were tagged and studied to investigate shed rates, tag effects on growth, and tag mortality. The last phase of field tagging ended this January. Since the project inception in 1995 approximately 8000 fish have been tagged and released. Recaptures (190 to date) will be analyzed to determine movement, relative sport and commercial fishing mortality, homesite fidelity, and growth rates. Ageing studies are underway to examine year class dominance and age at maturity and size at maturity of cabezon. The recapture and aging portion of this project will continue through 2000.

Contact Kon Karpov for more information (707-964-9078).

3. Punta Gorda Resource Inventory

This ongoing project will inventory and quantify the main fish, invertebrate and algal species on the Punta Gorda Ecological Reserve (PGER) by habitat type. PGER is a two mile reserve off Punta Gorda (south of Cape Mendocino). Benthic habitats will be mapped, and quantitative baselines for reef finfish abundance will be established. Annual temperature and turbidity regimes will be characterized. Preliminary results reveal that PGER is largely sand dominated at shallow depths (less than 20 meters) with few invertebrates of management importance. Sidescan sonar maps have been completed of the entire reserve from 3 to 60 meters. Finfish assessments will continue into next year. This study is designed to quantify interannual and inter-site differences in populations, which will help in determining the usefulness of refugia as a management tool. Another major focus of the study is methods development, use of habitat maps, diving, and ROV as assessment tools for nearshore finfish and invertebrates. Project staff have developed dGPS precision in recording ROV track to allow determining area surveyed.

Contact Kon Karpov for additional information (707-964-9078).

4. Central California Marine Sport Fish Project

Onboard sampling of the commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) fleet began in May 1987. There has been data collection each year since then, although it has not been continuous. The area covered includes ten ports from Bodega Bay south to Avila Beach (Morro Bay area). Sampling is limited to trips targeting rockfishes and lingcod; our sampling effort goal is to cover up to 5% of those CPFV trips.

July to December 1997
Project personnel sampled on board 182 commercial passenger fishing vessel trips and observed a total of 532.3 hours of fishing by 1,789 anglers. The observed catch of 30,041 fish represented 59 species, including 33 rockfishes. For all port areas combined, the top ten species in decreasing order of abundance were blue and yellowtail rockfishes, chub mackerel, lingcod, and olive, rosy, black, widow, gopher and canary rockfishes. Blue and yellowtail rockfishes comprised 57.9% of the total catch. Chub mackerel were a new addition to the top ten comprising 4% of the catch; their relatively higher frequency of occurrence was likely due to the warmer oceanic water present during this period. Observers measured 40,324 fish representing 55 species.

Observed anglers retained 25,913 fishes, or 86.3% of their total catch. In past years, overall retention rates have been at or above 90%. The San Francisco area had the highest retention rate (91.9%), and the Monterey (81%) area had the lowest rate. Retention rates for blue rockfish were below 90% in three of the four port areas due to very high catch rates particularly in Monterey. Many sublegal-sized lingcod were returned by anglers during the study period and only 56.9% of all lingcod caught were retained; the lowest lingcod retention rates were in Monterey (53.2%) and Morro Bay (39.1%). Less than 50% of chub and jack mackerel were retained (45.9% and 18.2%, respectively.) Catch per angler day (CPAD) for all fishes averaged 16.8, and for kept fishes CPAD averaged 14.5, well above the previous year’s annual averages. The highest CPAD for all and kept fishes was observed in the Monterey area (19.2 and 15.6, respectively), and the lowest was observed in the Morro Bay (15.1 and 13.2, respectively.) Catch per angler hour (CPAH) for all fishes and port areas averaged 5.70, well above the 4.31 CPAH average observed in 1996. The Monterey area had the highest average CPAH (6.29) and the lowest was observed in the Morro Bay area (5.21). Blue rockfish had the highest observed catch rate among all species and port areas, and CPAH was well above historical averages.

Six of the top 10 species measured had a mean total length which was at or below female size at 50% maturity (Escheverria, 1987). These were blue, yellowtail, black, widow, canary and vermilion rockfishes; mean size of black and canary rockfishes was below the size of 50% maturity at all port areas. Nine species had at least one port area with a mean length below 50% maturity.

A total of 425 lingcod fin rays and associated reproductive maturity data were collected for NMFS. Reproductive condition data of rockfishes were collected from a total of 168 fish including 16 species of rockfishes.

January through June 1998
MRFSS Fishery Technicians observed 23 trips, and one project sampler submitted data for four trips originating from Bodega Bay, for a total of 27 trips originating from seven ports. Thirty-seven percent of the trips (10) were from the Bodega Bay area and another 37% were from the Monterey area. Samplers observed a total of 71.1 hours of fishing by 222 anglers for a total of 590.2 angler hours. These anglers caught 3,917 fish and kept 3,536 for a 90.3% retention rate. The top ten species observed caught were blue, yellowtail, and widow rockfishes, chub mackerel, olive and canary rockfishes, lingcod, chilipepper, bocaccio and rosy rockfish (Table 4). Blue and yellowtail rockfishes comprised 55.2% of the observed catch and widow rockfish comprised another 7.9%. Among these top ten, rosy rockfish, chub mackerel and lingcod had retention rates below 70% (68.4%, 56.9%, and 42.5%, respectively). On January 1, 1998 two new regulations were enacted by PFMC which impacted recreational anglers in California. The minimum size limit for lingcod was increased from 22 to 24 inches and the bag limit was reduced from five to three fish. A three-fish bag limit was implemented for bocaccio within the fifteen rockfish overall limit.

CPAD averaged 17.6 for all fish and 15.9 for kept fish, the highest catch rates observed since sampling began in 1987; CPAH averaged 6.64. The high catch rates observed for blue rockfish may be indirectly attributable to the influence of warm water on feeding behavior. Observers measured 3,369 fish during the six-month period. Thirty-six species of fishes were observed caught and 35 species were measured; 25 species were rockfishes.

July through December 1998 (preliminary)
Data were collected from 111 CPFV trips. Observers watched 1,325 anglers fish for 390.45 hours and catch 22,197 fishes; 30 of 47 species were rockfishes. The top ten species in decreasing order of relative abundance were blue, yellowtail, olive, gopher rockfishes, lingcod, and widow, brown, rosy, vermilion and canary rockfishes. Blue rockfish comprised 50% of the catch as number of fish. The total CPAD was 16.8 and the CPAH was 6.16 fish per angler hour.

On-board sampling of the commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) fleet began in May 1987. Data collection has occurred each year since, although it has not been continuous.

Contact Deb Wilson-Vandenberg for more information (831-649-2892).

5. Fishery Monitoring

Statistical and biological data from landings are continually collected and routinely analyzed by CDFG to provide current information on groundfish fisheries and the status of the stocks. Outside funding also enables California fishery data to be routinely incorporated into regional databases such as PacFIN, RecFIN and MRFSS.

Contact Dave Thomas for more information (510-581-7358).

6. Ageing Work

In recent years, CDFG has production-aged three species of groundfish by reading otoliths for annuli; Dover sole, chilipepper rockfish, and Bocaccio. During 1997, 2,526 Dover sole were aged from the Monterey and Eureka INPFC areas, and 1,256 chilipepper rockfish were aged from coastwide California sampling. During 1998, 2,000 Dover sole were aged from the Monterey and Eureka INPFC areas. Due to changes in staff, chilipepper rockfish were not production aged. The new data technician has been trained and will begin production ageing of chilipepper rockfish in 1999.

Contact Brenda Erwin for more information (650-688-6349).

7. DeepSea Submersible Essential Fish Habitat Survey

The Biodiversity Project of California Department of Fish and Game collaborates as part of a multi-disciplinary study with NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories; and the Marine Science Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara in accessing deep-water habitats and those fishes specifically associated with these habitats. Direct observations are made using the manned research submersible DELTA. A study at Big Creek Ecological Research Reserve (off Central California), funded by California Sea Grant and titled "Deepwater habitat and fish resources associated with a marine ecological reserve: implications for fisheries management" completed its final year of funding. During 1998, 28 research dives were made in the vicinity of Big Creek Ecological Reserve in depths from 30-270 m: habitat type and associated fishes were surveyed as part of this study. Several distinct assemblages of fishes have been noted. Large schools of young-of-the-year (YOY) rockfishes were documented in rock areas of 40-120m; low relief fields of course sand and sea pens in approximately 70 m appeared to be a nursery ground for YOY stripetail rockfish. Adult fishes of small species were associated with sand, fine sediments, and shell-hash substrata of low relief, while large species, especially rockfishes, were closely associated with rock crevices, small caves, and boulder/pinnacles. A report of this study will be submitted to California Sea Grant in June 1999.

Scientists from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, have been studying fish populations associated with oil platforms off the Point Arguello-Point Conception area and the southern California Bight. Department biologists have participated in these studies since 1996. In 1998, 28 dives using the submersible DELTA were completed ranging in depth from 50-343 m. Eight dives were made on oil platforms and 20 dives were made on natural reef systems for comparison. Many of the dive sites on natural reef systems have a long history of recreational and commercial fishing utilization. Data from the 1998 survey are in the process of being analyzed.

Scheduled work for 1999 includes a Sustainable Seas Expedition Project to inventory the species and habitats within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary off Big Creek Ecological Reserve utilizing the submersible DEEP WORKER and to continue collaboration with the U.C. Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute group in evaluating fish populations on heavily fished reef systems off southern California.

Contact Robert N. Lea for more information (831-649-2835)

8. Prawn Trawl Bycatch

On-board observations were conducted on a commercial spot prawn trawler on March 2 and 3, 1999, in an area of central California waters extending from Point Sur north to near Davenport. Data were obtained on an opportunistic basis and sample design was not intended to be representative of fleet wide fishing activity. However, findings provide useful information on the need for a statistically based observer sampling program for prawn trawl bycatch and discards.

Six tows, ranging in duration from 1.4 to 2.8 hours, were observed in depths of 150 to 190 fathoms. Tow 1 occurred in the Point Sur area, tow 2 occurred off Point Pinos, and tows 3-6 occurred along the north edge of the Monterey Submarine Canyon.

Tows were conducted at approximately 2 knots from an 80-ft vessel. The prawn trawl had a 100-ft headrope, a 122-foot footrope, and roller gear equipped with 30-inch "bottom cushions" (circular hard rubber disks). Mesh size was 2 inches throughout except for 4-inch and 5-inch mesh in the bottom panels. Two 1600-pound Tiburon style doors, each with an area of 4.1 square meters, kept the net spread. Twenty-five-foot bridles attached the doors to the net. Six 12-inch diameter floats were sewn inside the net to the upper panels to keep the cod end off the bottom. The net contained two "fish excluders", essentially two rigid holes supported by rebar in the upper panel just in front of the cod end. For each tow, 425 feet of 5/8-inch cable was payed out.

The six tows yielded 240 pounds of spot prawns (range per tow 10 to 52 pounds). Prawn catch rate ranged from 7.1 lb per hour (tow 6, Monterey Canyon) to 32.5 lb per hour (tow 1, Point Sur). Mean carapacer length of 160 spot prawns measured was 46 mm, and carapce length ranged from 25 to 59 mm. Thirty of fifty-two females (58%) were egg-bearing. The percentage of the total weight of the catch consisting of spot prawns ranged from 2.0 to 18.5 and averaged 6.2.

Total estimated weight of bycatch from the six tows was 3620 lb and consisted of 1785 lb of fish (49%) and 1835 lb of invertebrates (51%). The percentage of fish as bycatch ranged from 35% (tow 4, Monterey Canyon) to 91% (tow 2, Point Pinos). Within the fish bycatch, approximately 58% by weight were flatfishes, primarily Dover sole, rex sole, slender sole, and English sole. Most individuals were less than 300 mm TL (approximate marketable size). Approximately 8% by weight were rockfishes, mostly small and primarily splitnose with minor amounts of blackgill, chilipepper, bank, and greenstriped. Other significant components of the fish bycatch included Pacific hake (6%), skates (4%), shortspine thornyheads (1%), and ratfish (1%). Incidental catch included sablefish, Pacific electric ray, spiny dogfish, Petrale sole, and one giant squid. A total of 592 fishes were measured. Very few fish of any species were of marketable size. Although no attempt was made to accurately determine the fate of discards, it appeared that mortality was high for all rockfishes, thornyheads, rex sole, slender sole, and Pacific hake. In contrast, mortality of spot prawns was extremely low, generally around 1%.

The overwhelming majority of invertebrates consisted of urchins, sea stars, and sea cucumbers. Relatively few attached invertebrates, such as sponges and sea anemones, were observed.

Contact Paul Reilly for more information (831-649-2879)

9. ShoresideWhiting Bycatch

California shore-based landings of Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) totaled 5,719 metric tons (MT) I 1998, 6.5% of the 87,547 MT U.S. shore-based total. Six midwater trawlers landed 5,571 MT of unsorted whiting in California under the provisions of an Exempted Fishing Permit (EFP). The EFP implements a cooperative state/federal/industry observation program to monitor the bycatch of salmon and groundfish in the shore-based component of the Pacific whiting fishery. The permit allows midwater trawlers to land unsorted whiting catches at designated shore-based processing plants without penalty for taking prohibited species or exceeding catch limits.

Groundfish technicians observed 15 of 103 EFP deliveries (a 14% observation rate). The 15 observed landings produced 768 MT of whiting and 15 MT of bycatch. The bycatch included 22 chinook salmon that were harvested at a rate of one salmon in 34 MT of whiting. The combined bycatch rate for other marine fishes was 43.8 pounds per metric ton of whiting.

The bycatch calculated, from landing receipts, for the entire California shore-based EFP fishery totaled 91 MT (1.6% of the whiting catch). Included were 172 chinook salmon (865 pounds) harvested at a rate of one salmon in 32 metric tons of whiting. The remainder of the bycatch consisted of widow rockfish (41 MT), splitnose rockfish (15 MT), unspecified mackerel (14 MT), jumbo (Dosidicus gigas) squid (12 MT), darkblotched rockfish (4 MT), miscellaneous rockfish (3 MT) and other fishes (2 MT).

Contact Lawrence F. Quirollo for additional information (707- 441-5755).

1. Sablefish

The CDFG research vessel Mako will be used during April and May, 1999 to conduct a sablefish tag and release study in shelf and slope waters of the Santa Maria Basin (Morro Bay area) and the Cortez Bank (Southern California Bight). Sablefish will be trapped, tagged with blue tags and 75% injected with oxytetracycline. In addition to the release of newly tagged fish, we desire to recover previously tagged sablefish.

The objective of this study is to obtain information on sablefish biology in waters of central and southern California. Basic information on age composition, growth, and movement will be obtained as a result of mark-recapture work, which is in cooperation with NMFS-Tiburon Laboratory. It is a continuation of a study that was initiated in 1991 by NMFS. Also, information on relative sablefish densities in the study area may be estimated by calculating survey catch rates. Results will be incorporated into the existing NMFS sablefish pot survey time series.

The primary goals of this study are to:

1. Improve our ability to age sablefish.
2. Validate the annual formation of rings.
3. Determine if sablefish in southern California waters grow slower than ones to the north.

Survey methods and data collection will be tailored to conform as closely as possible with procedures used by NMFS in previous tag/release and trap surveys. Cruise results will be incorporated into the coastwide Resource Assessment-Community Ecology (RACE) database.

Contact Tom Barnes for more information (619-546-7167).

1. Pacific Sardine

The primary goal of sardine management as directed by the California Fish and Game Code is rehabilitation of the resource with an added objective of maximizing sustained harvest. Accordingly, the Code states that the annual sardine quota can be set at an amount greater than 1,000 tons, providing that the level of take allows for continued increase in the spawning population.

The sardine population was estimated to have been 1,182,881 short tons on July 1, 1998, for the geographic area within the range of the fishery and survey data (Ensenada, Baja California to San Francisco, California). The estimate was based on output from a modified version of the integrated stock assessment model called CANSAR. CANSAR is a forward-casting, age-structured analysis using fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data to obtain annual estimates of sardine abundance, year-class strength and age-specific fishing mortality for 1983 through the first semester of 1998. Non-linear least-squares criteria are used to find the best fit between model estimates and input data.

Questions about stock structure and range extent remain major sources of uncertainty in assessing current sardine population biomass. Recent survey results and anecdotal evidence suggest increased sardine abundance in the Pacific Northwest and areas offshore from central and southern California. It is difficult to determine if those fish were part of the stock available to the California fishery. Last year, in an attempt to address this problem, the original CANSAR model was reconfigured into a Two-Area Migration Model which accounted for sardine lost to the areas of the fishery and abundance surveys due to population expansion and net emigration. While the model includes guesses and major assumptions about net emigration and recruitment, it provides an estimate which is likely closer to biological reality than original CANSAR assessments.

Based on the 1998 estimate of age 1+ biomass within the range of the fishery and survey data, and a proposed harvest formula in the draft Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan (Amendment 8), CDFG established a 1999 sardine harvest quota of 132,800 tons for the California fishery. The 1999 quota is a significant increase from the final 1998 sardine harvest quota for California of 48,000 tons.

Contact Kevin Hill for more information (619-546-7052).

2. Pacific Mackerel

Based on the projected Pacific mackerel biomass estimate of 132,500 tons for July 1, 1998, the commercial fishery quota for the 1998/99 fishing season was recommended and set at 33,700 short tons. The 1998 biomass was estimated using output from a stock assessment computer model called ADEPT and certain assumptions about fishing mortality during the first half of 1998. Several important changes were made to improve our assessment during 1998. The assessment model was changed from a quarterly to an annual one and now covers sixty-nine years of fishery data. New indices of relative abundance were added to the analysis to account for changes in mackerel biomass off central and northern California. The July 1, 1998, biomass estimate is slightly higher than last year's CDFG estimate of 101,000 tons for 1997. This year’s results indicate there were more fish in the older year classes than previously estimated.

Contact Kevin Hill for more information (619-546-7052).

APPENDIX A

PUBLICATIONS

Butler, J.L., L.D. Jacobson and J.T. Barnes. 1998. Stock assessment for blackgill rockfish. In Pacific Fishery Management Council. 1998. Appendix: Status of the Pacific coast groundfish fishery through 1998 and recommended biological catches for 1999: Stock assessment and fishery evaluation. Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, Oregon 97201.

Gingras,ML; VenTresca,DA; Donnellan,MD; Fisher,JL. 1998. First observations of vermilion rockfish courtship are from a harvest refuge. Calif. Fish and Game 84(4), 176-179.

Glock, J., J. Walker, T. Barnes and S. Herrick. 1998. Environmental assessment for proposed 1999 groundfish acceptable biological catch and optimum yield specifications for the Pacific coast groundfish fishery. Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, Oregon 97201. 43p. (with appendices).

Hill, K. T., M. Yaremko, and L. D. Jacobson. In Press. Status of the Pacific mackerel resource and fishery in 1998. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Marine Region Admin Rep. 65 p.

Hill, K. T., L. D. Jacobson, N. C. H. Lo, M. Yaremko, and M. Dege. In Press. Stock assessment of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) for 1998 with management recommendations for 1999. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Marine Region Admin Rep. 90 p.

Hill, K. T., M. Yaremko, L. D. Jacobson, N. C. H. Lo, and D. A. Hanan. 1998. Stock assessment and management recommendations for Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in 1997. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Marine Region Admin. Rep. 98-5. 53 p.

Hill, K. T., and J. T. Barnes. 1998. Historical catch data from California’s commercial passenger fishing vessel fleet: status and comparisons of two sources. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Marine Region Tech. Rep. No. 60. 44 p.

Lea, R.N. 1998. Cruise Report 97-M-9. 2 pg., 5 Tables. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Marine Region, Monterey, CA. [Research cruise on R/V MAKO to assess rockfish and other sport fish populations off central California, 23-27 Oct. 1997].

Lea, R.N. and P. Béarez. In press. Occurrence of Chilara taylori (Ophidiidae), an eastern North Pacific cusk-eel from Ecuadorian waters. Cybium. 23(1): Accepted 31 July 98.

Lea, R.N., R.D. McAllister, and D.A. VenTresca. 1999. Biological aspects of nearshore rockfishes of the Genus Sebastes from central California with notes on eologically related sport fishes. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 177. 109p.

Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, C.R. Gilbert ,R.N. Lea, and J.D. Williams. 1998. Recomended changes in common fish names: Pikeminnow to replace squawfish (Ptychocheilus spp.), Fisheries. 23(9):37.

Reilly, P.N., D. Wilson-Vandenberg, C.E. Wilson and K. Mayer, 1998. Onboard sampling of the rockfish and lingcod commercial passenger fishing vessel industry in northern and central California, January through December 1995. California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region Admin Rep. 98-1, 110 pp.

Ugoretz, J; VenTresca, DA; Pattison, CA; Blair, SE; Hornady, RS; Plant, JN; Voss, AA 1997. New method for measured distance diving surveys. Calif. Fish and Game. 83(4), 168-170.

VenTresca, DA; Gingras, ML; Ugoretz, J; Voss, A; Blair, S; Plant, J; Hornady, R; Yoshiyama, C. 1998. The potential of marine reserves to enhance fisheries. California and the World Ocean '97. 1, 400-411.

Yaremko, M., J. T. Barnes, and L. D. Jacobson. 1998. Status of the Pacific mackerel resource during 1997 and management recommendations for the fishery. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Marine Region Admin. Rep. 98-3. 25 p.

Yaremko, M., J.T. Barnes and L.D. Jacobson. 1998. Status of the Pacific mackerel resource during 1997 and management recommendations for the fishery. Calif Dept.Fish Game, MRD Admin. Rpt. 98-3. 25p.